Traditional Folk Dance of Kerala

Kerala, often referred to as "God's Own Country," is a state in southern India known for its lush landscapes, rich cultural heritage, and vibrant traditions. Among the many aspects that define Kerala's cultural identity, traditional folk dances hold a special place. These dances are not just forms of entertainment but are deeply connected to the religious, social, and cultural life of the people. Having worked in a clothing store in India for several years, I've seen firsthand how traditional attire plays an integral role in these performances, adding to the visual and cultural richness of Kerala's folk dances. In this blog post, we'll explore some of the most iconic traditional folk dances of Kerala, delving into their origins, significance, and the costumes that bring them to life.

The Cultural Significance of Folk Dance in Kerala

A Reflection of Tradition and Belief

Folk dances in Kerala are a vibrant expression of the state's rich cultural heritage. They are often performed during festivals, religious ceremonies, and community gatherings, reflecting the social and religious beliefs of the people. These dances are more than just art forms; they are a way to preserve and pass down traditions from one generation to the next.

The Role of Dance in Everyday Life

In Kerala, dance is an integral part of daily life, especially in rural areas. Many of these folk dances have their roots in agricultural practices, seasonal cycles, and local legends. They are performed to celebrate harvests, appease deities, and mark important life events. The rhythmic movements, colorful costumes, and lively music make these performances a feast for the senses, while the underlying themes often convey deeper philosophical and spiritual messages.

Key Traditional Folk Dances of Kerala

Kathakali

Kathakali is perhaps the most famous classical dance-drama of Kerala, known for its elaborate costumes, detailed makeup, and expressive gestures. Although it is a classical dance form, Kathakali has strong roots in the folk traditions of Kerala.

• Origins: Kathakali originated in the 17th century and is believed to have evolved from earlier forms of dance-dramas like Koodiyattam and Krishnanattam. It combines elements of dance, music, and acting to tell stories from Hindu epics such as the Mahabharata and Ramayana.
• Costumes and Makeup: The costumes in Kathakali are grand and elaborate, with each character having a distinct style. The makeup, called Chutti, is an intricate part of the performance, with colors representing different character traits (e.g., green for noble characters, red for evil). The performers also wear large headdresses and heavy ornaments, adding to the visual grandeur of the performance.
• Performance Style: Kathakali is characterized by its elaborate hand gestures (mudras), facial expressions, and body movements. The dance is performed to the accompaniment of percussion instruments like Chenda and Maddalam, along with vocal music.

Kathakali is not just a dance but a visual storytelling medium that captivates audiences with its dramatic flair and deep emotional impact.

Mohiniyattam

Mohiniyattam is another classical dance form of Kerala, known for its graceful movements and elegant costumes. Unlike the more dramatic Kathakali, Mohiniyattam is characterized by its gentle, flowing movements.

• Origins: Mohiniyattam, which means "dance of the enchantress," is believed to have originated in the 16th century. The dance form is associated with the legend of Mohini, the female avatar of the god Vishnu, who is said to have used her charm to save the world.
• Costumes and Makeup: The costume for Mohiniyattam is simple yet elegant, typically consisting of a white or off-white saree with a golden border. The dancer’s hair is usually tied in a bun adorned with jasmine flowers, and the makeup is subtle, highlighting the eyes to enhance facial expressions.
• Performance Style: Mohiniyattam is known for its soft, languid movements that flow like a river. The dance involves intricate footwork, graceful hand gestures, and expressive facial expressions. It is usually performed solo, accompanied by classical Carnatic music and instruments like the Veena and Mridangam.

Mohiniyattam is often referred to as the "dance of the divine enchantress" and is celebrated for its delicate beauty and expressive storytelling.

Theyyam

Theyyam is one of the most ancient and vibrant ritualistic folk dances of Kerala, deeply rooted in the religious and social traditions of the region. It is performed in the northern districts of Kerala, particularly in Kannur and Kasaragod.

• Origins: Theyyam is believed to have originated over 1,500 years ago and is a fusion of dance, music, and religious worship. The word "Theyyam" is derived from "Daivam," which means "god," and the dance is performed as a form of worship to the local deities and spirits.
• Costumes and Makeup: The costumes in Theyyam are elaborate and colorful, with the performers wearing large, ornate headdresses, body paint, and masks. The makeup is intricate, with designs and colors symbolizing the deity being represented. The costumes are often made from natural materials like coconut leaves, areca nut fronds, and flowers.
• Performance Style: Theyyam performances are intense and involve vigorous movements, trance-like states, and elaborate rituals. The performer, believed to embody the deity, dances to the rhythm of traditional drums and chants. The performance is often accompanied by offerings and prayers, making it a deeply spiritual experience for both the performer and the audience.

Theyyam is not just a dance but a living tradition that connects the people of Kerala with their ancient spiritual roots.

Kalaripayattu

Kalaripayattu is one of the oldest martial arts in the world and is often considered a dance form due to its graceful movements and intricate choreography.

• Origins: Kalaripayattu originated in Kerala over 3,000 years ago and is believed to have been practiced by warriors. It combines physical agility, mental discipline, and spiritual focus, making it a holistic art form.
• Costumes and Makeup: The traditional attire for Kalaripayattu includes a loincloth for men and a saree or dhoti for women. The performers may also wear arm guards, leg guards, and other protective gear. The focus is more on agility and movement rather than elaborate costumes.
• Performance Style: Kalaripayattu involves a combination of strikes, kicks, grappling, and weaponry. The movements are fluid and dance-like, requiring immense control, flexibility, and strength. The art form also includes rituals and practices to enhance physical and mental well-being.

Kalaripayattu is celebrated not only as a martial art but also as a cultural performance that showcases the strength and grace of the human body.

Thiruvathirakali

Thiruvathirakali, also known as Kaikottikali, is a traditional group dance performed by women in Kerala. It is often associated with the festival of Thiruvathira, which is celebrated in honor of Lord Shiva.

• Origins: Thiruvathirakali has its roots in ancient Kerala, where it was performed as a ritualistic dance to please Lord Shiva and seek his blessings for marital bliss. The dance is particularly popular among women during the Thiruvathira festival, which falls in the Malayalam month of Dhanu (December-January).
• Costumes and Makeup: The dancers typically wear traditional Kerala sarees known as Mundum Neriyathum, which are white with golden borders. The hair is often adorned with jasmine flowers, and the makeup is minimal, highlighting the natural beauty of the performers.
• Performance Style: Thiruvathirakali is a graceful dance performed in a circular pattern around a lamp (Nilavilakku). The dance involves simple yet elegant hand movements, synchronized steps, and rhythmic clapping. The songs sung during the performance are usually about love, devotion, and mythology.

Thiruvathirakali is a celebration of womanhood, grace, and devotion, and it remains a beloved dance form in Kerala, particularly during festive occasions.

Oppana

Oppana is a traditional dance form performed by the Muslim community in Kerala, especially during weddings. It is a joyful and celebratory dance that showcases the beauty and elegance of the bride.

• Origins: Oppana originated within the Muslim community of Kerala and is closely associated with wedding celebrations. The dance is performed by the bride’s friends and relatives, who gather around her to sing, clap, and dance.
• Costumes and Makeup: The dancers typically wear colorful traditional outfits, such as Mundu and Blouse for women, along with elaborate jewelry. The bride is the central figure in the dance, adorned in her bridal attire, which is usually a richly decorated saree or lehenga.
• Performance Style: Oppana is a group dance that involves rhythmic clapping, graceful hand movements, and lively footwork. The songs are usually in the Mappilappattu style, which is a traditional form of Muslim folk music in Kerala. The lyrics often celebrate the beauty of the bride and the joy of the occasion.

Oppana is a vibrant and joyous dance that adds to the festive spirit of weddings in Kerala’s Muslim community.

The Role of Costumes in Kerala's Traditional Dances

Costumes play a crucial role in enhancing the visual appeal and cultural significance of Kerala’s traditional dances. Each dance form has its own unique costume, which is carefully designed to reflect the character, theme, and mood of the performance. Here’s a closer look at the importance of costumes in these dances:

• Kathakali: The elaborate costumes and makeup in Kathakali are essential for distinguishing different characters and conveying their traits. The colors, designs, and accessories all contribute to the storytelling aspect of the dance.
• Mohiniyattam: The simple yet elegant white and gold saree worn in Mohiniyattam enhances the graceful movements of the dance. The minimalistic makeup and jewelry allow the dancer’s expressions to take center stage.
• Theyyam: The vibrant and intricate costumes in Theyyam transform the performer into a deity, creating a powerful visual impact. The headdresses, body paint, and accessories all contribute to the mystical and spiritual atmosphere of the performance.
• Kalaripayattu: While Kalaripayattu’s costumes are more functional, they still play an important role in allowing the performer to move freely and showcase their physical prowess.
• Thiruvathirakali: The traditional white and gold attire worn in Thiruvathirakali is symbolic of purity and devotion, adding to the spiritual ambiance of the dance.
• Oppana: The colorful and ornate costumes in Oppana highlight the celebratory nature of the dance, with the bride’s attire being the focal point of the performance.

Festivals and Occasions for Performing Kerala’s Traditional Dances

Kerala’s traditional folk dances are an integral part of the state’s festivals and celebrations. Here are some of the key occasions where these dances are performed:

Onam

Onam is the most important festival in Kerala, celebrated with great enthusiasm and joy. It is a harvest festival that marks the homecoming of the mythical King Mahabali.

• Dances Performed: Kathakali, Mohiniyattam, Thiruvathirakali, and Theyyam are commonly performed during Onam. The festival is a time for showcasing the rich cultural heritage of Kerala, and traditional dances are an essential part of the celebrations.

Vishu

Vishu is the Malayalam New Year, celebrated in April. It is a time for new beginnings and is marked by rituals, feasts, and cultural performances.

• Dances Performed: Kathakali and Mohiniyattam are often performed during Vishu, adding to the festive spirit and joy of the occasion.

Thrissur Pooram

Thrissur Pooram is one of the most famous temple festivals in Kerala, known for its grandeur and spectacle.

• Dances Performed: Theyyam and Kathakali are commonly performed during Thrissur Pooram, adding to the vibrant and colorful celebrations.

Thiruvathira

Thiruvathira is a traditional festival celebrated in Kerala, especially by women. It is a day dedicated to the worship of Lord Shiva.

• Dances Performed: Thiruvathirakali is the main dance performed during this festival, with women coming together to dance and sing in honor of Lord Shiva.

Weddings

Weddings in Kerala are grand and culturally rich affairs, with traditional dances playing a central role in the celebrations.

• Dances Performed: Oppana is commonly performed during Muslim weddings in Kerala, adding to the joy and festivity of the occasion.

Conclusion: Embracing the Traditional Folk Dances of Kerala

The traditional folk dances of Kerala are a beautiful reflection of the state’s rich cultural heritage and values. From the dramatic Kathakali to the graceful Mohiniyattam, each dance form embodies the history, traditions, and way of life of the people of Kerala. As someone who has spent years in the clothing industry, I have seen firsthand how these traditional dances continue to hold a special place in the hearts of the people.

FAQ: Traditional Folk Dance of Kerala